Reversible logic circuits have found emerging attentions in nanotechnology, optical computing, quantum computing and low power design. A Programmable logic array (PLA) is a universal circuit which is used to implement combinational logic circuits. The main part of a PLA is its AND array. In this study we propose two types of optimized reversible Programmable logic array (RPLA) circuits. The first type is based on a “2-to-4” AND array, and is proposed for the first time. The second type is based on a “3-to-8” AND array. For each type, we bring some different designs. These circuits are compared with the existing counterparts in terms of number of constant inputs and garbage outputs, delay and the quantum cost and are shown that all parameters in proposed circuits are improved.

Background and Aims: As the hearing aid technology progressively promotes toward replacing analog hearing aids with digital and Programmable ones, comparison of the patient satisfaction of those kinds of hearing aids by means of a valuable tool seems so necessary. So, the aim of this study was to compare self-reported benefit of analog, digitally controlled Programmable and digital hearing aids for reducing disability caused by hearing impairment in mild to severe sensorineural hearing impaired persons.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 90 patients with mild to severe sensorineural hearing loss dividing into three groups: 43 subjects were fitted with digital, 15 with Programmable, 23 with analog hearing aids. After pure tone audiometry, Abbreviated profile of hearing aid benefit (APHAB) was completed before and one month after using hearing aids to determine the benefit of them.Results: Global APHAB mean scores for digital, Programmable and analog hearing aids were 49.05, 33.19 and 39.53, respectively. Ease of Communication subscale mean scores were 53.46 for digitals, 37.66 for Programmable and 39.09 for analogs. Background noise subscale mean scores for digital Programmable and analog hearing aids were 46.36, 25.53 and 35.31, respectively. Global and also both subscale mean scores showed significant difference between digital hearing aids and Programmable and analog ones. There was no significant difference between reverberation subscale mean scores of three groups.Conclusion: It seems digital hearing aids may be more beneficial to reduce disability caused by hearing loss than analog and Programmable hearing aids are.

Introduction Crop Water productivity (CWP) is defined as the crop yield produced per unit of Water consumed, which can be improved by increasing the crop yield with a given Water usage or reducing Water usage with a given yield. Increasing CWP can thus help to alleviate the Water crisis while ensuring food security. Physical productivity alone is not enough to determine the crop pattern and economic productivity should also be considered. Economic Water productivity (EWP) expressed as the gross income in USS per unit of Water consumed, is relevant for farmers to pursue higher net benefits. Both CWP and EWP terms are important indices for Water resource managers to consider when formulating planning policies. The simultaneous consideration of CWP and EWP allows for a more comprehensive and robust exploration when planning the process for developing regional agricultural Water-saving measures, such as modifying the regional cropping distribution. This allows farmers to reduce irrigation Water use and shift the area of Water-intensive crops to ones with efficient Water use or higher economic value. Determining crop pattern-based Water productivity is especially important in countries with dry climates, whose agriculture depends solely on irrigation and also has low Water consumption efficiency. Therefore, instead of consuming scarce Water resources, in the production of products that consume a lot of Water, it is possible to produce products with lower Water consumption and avoid excessive pressure on Water resources. Knowledge of crop-Water requirements is crucial for Water resources management and planning to improve Water-use efficiency. Crop Water requirements in the growing period depends on the crop growth stage, cropping technique, and irrigation method. About 99 % of the Water uptake by plants from soil is lost as evapotranspiration (ET), so, it can be stated that the measurement of actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc) on a daily scale for the whole vegetative cycle is equal to the Water requirement of the given crop. Evapotranspiration is defined as the Water lost as vapor by an unsaturated vegetative surface and it is the sum of evaporation from soil and transpiration by plants. Knowledge of the exact Water loss through actual evapotranspiration is necessary for accurate and effective Water management. Materials and Methods For this purpose, in the first stage agricultural condition of the aquifer was investigated through a questionnaire by farmers and experts. To calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration we used the Penman-Monteith equation in this study crop coefficient curves have been prepared according to the agricultural calendar of the Basht aquifer. Net Water requirement is calculated from the difference between effective rainfall and evapotranspiration. Water productivity per crop ( ) (kg.m-3) is an important index for determining the agricultural production system efficiency. Water productivity is defined as the proportion of crop yield (kg.ha-1) to irrigation Water consumed by crops in the field (m-3.ha-1). Likewise, Water economic productivity is measured about or with the economic benefits in a monetary value of outputs over the number of necessary inputs such as Water depleted. To calculate the value of each cubic meter of Water, the production costs (minus the Water) need to be deducted from the income and the remainder needs to be divided by the volume of Water. The calculation results are calculated separately for each product. To determine the suitable pattern crop in Basht aquifer, different cropping patterns were evaluated (eight different scenarios). Results and Discussion Based on the results of the Penman-Monteith method, it can be concluded that the gross Water requirement (the amount of net irrigation requirement divided by the irrigation efficiency) in dominant crops of aquifer including rice, alfalfa, citrus, Watermelon, corn, wheat, rapeseed, legumes, barley respectively were 20234, 14083, 9291, 9170, 7863, 5630, 5411, 5225, and 4821 m-3 ha, respectively. The amount of effective precipitation that provided a part of the crop’s Water requirement through soil moisture (green Water) for Water crops such as Rice and Corn is close to zero. Autumn crops such as canola, citrus fruits, and cereals use green Water. To determine the amount of irrigation per hectare of the current crop pattern of the aquifer, the hydro module of each crop was determined. As it is clear from hydromodule, the average required Water flow (l s-1 ha-1) for rice, alfalfa, citrus, Watermelon, corn, rapeseed, wheat, beans, and barley, equaled 0.63, 0.44, 0.29, 0.29, 0.24, 0.18, 0.17, 0.16 and 0.15 (l s-1 ha-1) respectively. In total, the amount of Water consumed by the agricultural products in the aquifer's Basht is 45 millm3, that approximately equivalent to one m3 m-2 of the aquifer cultivation area and this amount is much more than the aquifer agriculture Programmable Water. The economic productivity of the aquifer’s current cultivation is 45,000 IRR m-3, on average. Also, most aquifer products' physical productivity was less than one. the comparison of different patterns showed that scenarios eight and twohad the highest and lowest amount of Water consumption, 45 and 22 millm3, respectively. Conclusion The crop pattern will be influenced by parameters such as climatic compatibility of products, Water, and soil potentials, needs, interests of agriculture producers, and production income. In the Basht aquifer, the availability of Water and the amount of Water consumed is one of the most important factors in choosing the cultivation pattern. In the current situation, due to the high temperature and increasing evaporation rate, and the use of seasonal rainfall, crops that spend their growth period in autumn and winter should be included in the cultivation pattern. The simultaneity of Water requirements for crops planted together is one of the important parameters in choosing the cultivation pattern. In the Basht aquifer, the Water requirement of corn, alfalfa, cucumber, and tomatoes coincide with the citrus Water requirement during the time of high Water consumption, and the cultivation of one of them may create Water limitations for the other crop. In contrast, the cultivation of wheat, barley, and canola have a very small overlap with the citrus irrigation times. Choosing a combination of citrus, wheat, barley, and canola will optimize the cultivation pattern.

A portable and light pneumatic branch shake system was designed and manufactured in this research for harvesting fruits that can be harvested by shaking branch. Required air flow and electric current are provided for operating system from category containing electrical generator and air compressor on wheelbarrows and portable chassis. Vibration is equipped by Programmable logic controller (PLC) for controlling frequency and it is equipped by pantograph system to change amplitude. First farm test was done on olive with three levels of frequency (8, 12 and 16 Hertz) and three times to shaking (5, 10 and 15 seconds) and in constant amplitude of oscillation 5 cm in completely randomized design with four reduplications and second farm test was performed on olive with three levels of frequency (8, 12 and 16 Hertz) and three amplitudes of oscillation (50, 80 and 100 mm) for a fixed period of 5 s in completely randomized design with four reduplication for determining application of branch shake. Some experiments were done for determining static force separating fruit from branch and for comparing it with dynamic force due to performing vibration, as well. The results showed that oscillatory frequency and duration of shaking out have meaningful effect on one percent level on efficiency of shaking system whereas their interaction was not meaningful effect. Comparison of averages showed that increase of the time of vibration didn''t have meaningful effect on percent of harvesting olive in constant oscillation but increase of oscillation in constant time of vibration had meaningful effect on percent of harvesting. Also the result of indicator was based on meaningful effect of amplitude of oscillation on falling olive. And by comparing averages, it was given that falling olive is increased with increasing frequency in constant amplitudes of oscillation. Also, it was not observed meaningful differences between percent of falling olive with increasing amplitude of oscillation from 50 mm to 80 mm in constant frequencies. But when amplitude of oscillation increases from 80 mm to 100 mm, the percent of falling olive meaningfully increases. Finally, concerning by performing 16 Hz frequency and 100 mm amplitude of oscillation for 5 s, 90 percents of olive were separated from branches, therefore they were selected as the best amplitude, frequency and time of vibration.

Software Defined Network (SDN) can integrate a lot of network functions such as network resource management into a consolidated framework. TCP operates in these networks with low information traffic characteristics. As a result, it has to continuously change its congestion window size in order to handle drastic changes in the network or its traffic conditions. As a result, TCP frequently overshoots or undershoots its transmission rate, making it a native congestion control protocol. To overcome that problem, we have proposed a new QoS framework for SDN called QDFSN (QoS-enabled Dynamic and Programmable Framework for SDN) which can be effectively applied in Data Centers as well. In this, and by means of AQM (Active Queue Management), a new function for detecting the upcoming congestion situation is designed. In each node, a developed mathematical model is used to calculate the best parameters of the node adaptively, especially the service rate, to minimize the congestion in the network. This model is tested in many NS-2 scenarios, and the results are presented. The results show improvements in selected QoS parameters like throughput and delay. We conclude that QDFSN-based congestion control shortens the process of adapting TCP to network circumstances, and enhances the TCP performance.

Extended AbstractIntroduction     The sharp drop in the Water level of the underground aquifers in the plains shows the lack of a suitable approach to create synergy between all the stakeholders in the Water sector in the management of Water resources. On the other hand, the undeniable limitation of Water resources has led to the adoption of integrated Water resources management as a requirement. In this regard, in an agricultural plain, there should be a matching of underground Water resources with Programmable Water in order to reduce the severity of the created crisis and help to balance the plain over time. Therefore, avoiding acreage expanding in the agricultural sector and increasing Water productivity should be on the agenda of decision makers, especially in the planning of cropping patterns.Material and MethodThis research has been carried out with the aim of improving the cultivation pattern in improving the physical and economic productivity of Water in the Qaderabad-Madarsolaman plain of Fars province. The required data of the products include crop calendar, price at the time of harvest, production cost, yield, monthly Programmable amount of plain Water and monthly irrigation Water amount of each crop related to crop year 2021-2022, which is in the form of documents from Jihad- Agriculture Organization. and the Regional Water Company of Fars province was collected. Data analysis was done by mathematical programming method using GAMS software.ResultsThe results showed that after implementing the model and determining the optimal cultivation pattern, the number of agricultural products in the plain increased by 50%. So that the number of products reached 18 products from 12 products. Also, the area under cultivation of crops in the optimal cultivation pattern decreased by 27% and reached 3861 ha from 5303 ha. Meanwhile, the amount of irrigation Water of the optimal pattern caused a 26% reduction in the consumption of underground Water resources. In addition, the amount of crop production in the current and optimal model was 8,469,3000 and 6,947,060 kg, respectively, and the decrease in the cultivated area has caused an 18% decrease in this index in the optimized model. However, the economic efficiency of the entire plain in the current and optimal model was calculated as 1975.37 and 2035.60 billion rials, respectively, which indicates a three percent increase in the optimal model. With regard to the direct effects of the modification of the cultivation pattern of the Qaderabad-Madarsolaman plain, including the increase in the number of agricultural products of the plain and the introduction of six crops with the highest economic Water productivity into the optimal cultivation pattern, as well as the reduction of the area under cultivation of crops in the optimal cultivation pattern, and the increase of the economic efficiency of the entire plain in this pattern, it is expected that the index of physical productivity and economic productivity of the whole plain will also change. So, the physical Water productivity index of the whole plain in the current and optimal model was obtained as 2.56 and 2.84 kg/m3, respectively. In the same way, the Water economic productivity index of the whole plain was calculated as 59,607 and 83,086 rials per cubic meter, respectively.ConclusionsThe modification of the cultivation pattern in the Qaderabad-Madarsolaman plain resulted in the annual saving of 8.64 million cubic meters of Water, an 11% increase in physical productivity, and a 39.4% increase in the economic productivity of Water. Based on this, focusing on the Water productivity index in the form of improving physical and economic productivity can be followed as a suitable approach to create synergy between all stakeholders and beneficiaries of the Water sector in the management of Water resources in the agricultural sector. In this approach, by focusing on increasing Water productivity, in a defined time period, while minimizing the amount of production reduction, and by increasing the livelihood level of the users, it is possible to reduce the agricultural Water consumption in the plains to the amount of Programmable Water.

This paper presents a 2-bit Programmable digital metasurface for real-time beam steering applications at X-band. Tunability of the metasurface is provided by employing a varactor in the unit cell structure to control each unit cell independently. This ability leads to achieve beam steering capability in both elevation and azimuth directions. The structure is designed so that the biasing circuit has no electrical connection to the MS ground. The equivalent circuit model of the unit cell is also presented to better investigate its physical behaviour. Furthermore, the effects of number of unit cells and states of reflection phase on far-field pattern are investigated. Finally, the numerical results are compared to analytical ones, where a good agreement between them is observed.